Comparing Hallucinations in Schizophrenics and Sufferers of Charles Bonnet Syndrome :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A Comparative Look at Hallucinations in Schizophrenics and Sufferers of Charles Bonnet Syndrome, and Their Corresponding Reality Discrimination Abilities Pipedreams are characterized as tactile discernments without remotely produced improvements (6). They are not to be mistaken for figments in which genuine outer articles are seen however confounded by the individual (6). Mind flights can take numerous structures including visual, sound-related, olfactory and material, yet for this paper we will concentrate basically on the visual kind. Visual mental trips can happen in various circumstances, two of which we will talk about here: Charles Bonnet disorder and schizophrenia. These two conditions are one of a kind in the circumstances and end results of the visualizations coming about because of each, and in the sorts of individuals in whom they happen. A most intriguing differentiation is that Charles Bonnet patients know about their mental trips while schizophrenics are definitely not. In the following areas I will introduce a depiction of the mental trips that happen in each condition, and some guessed reasons for these. I will close w ith an endeavor to find why there exists a consciousness of mental trips in a single that is missing in the other. Charles Bonnet condition is the beginning of mental trips in mentally sound people who have become either outwardly hindered, or totally visually impaired. There are two primary hypotheses concerning the reason for these mental trips. The first and most well known is that they are discharge mental trips that outcome from the, expulsion of typical visual afferent contribution to affiliation cortex (7). This is bolstered by tests including direct incitement of the transient flap, and fMRI's taken during mind flight occasions. These examinations found that without visual info, action was available in a specific visual region of the mind and that the subsequent pipedream would be a sort of picture regularly apparent by that zone. For example, a subject who daydreamed in shading indicated action in the shading focal point of the fusiform gyrus while a subject who fantasized wall and brickwork demonstrated movement in the insurance sulcus which reacts to visual surfaces. (4) These zones re gularly react to outside visual info, yet for this situation there was none. It is conceivable then that these territories are enacted without hindrance brought about by outside visual information. This would be something like the marvel of the chicken that goes here and there aimlessly once its head has been cut off. The other hypothesis is that mental trips in outwardly impeded people happen as a major aspect of a filling in process that is as of now being used by our cerebrums.

Comapring Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and

Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts' Gulliver's Travels and Voltaire's Candide   A youngster can make the most basic and target perception on society and the conduct of man. How is this conceivable? A kid presently can't seem to develop and needs appropriate training and experience. In any case, it is for this very explanation that a youngster would make the ideal social researcher; their naivete may give a phenomenal methods for target analysis and regularly parody. A youngster's interested nature and strive after information would realize an unprejudiced addressing of social structures, short the conditioning of these very organizations, and their defenselessness would uncover any cultural threats present. This youngster like researcher would consider the to be all things considered.  This equivalent reason might be applied to abstract works. A guileless character or storyteller might be utilized as a kid like researcher, who uncovers social realities to the crowd through their naivete. As Maurois has noted, recorded as a hard copy about Candide, by Voltaire, It was novel of apprenticeship, that is, the molding of a pre-adult's thoughts by discourteous contact with the universe (101). Jonathan Swift additionally adopts this strategy in his work Gulliver's Travels, where Gulliver, the fundamental character, gives an innocent perspective.  The parodies Gulliver's Travels, by Jonathan Swift, and Candide, by Voltaire, both utilize naivete to pass on sarcastic assaults on society. In the two works, litotes [understatements] are made of very ludicrous circumstances, which further lights up the crazy idea of a circumstance. Characters in every novel are made powerless by their excessively confiding in natures. This is exploited, and these characters are left e... ... Thoughts. New York: D Appleton and Company, 1929. * Prologue to Gulliver's Travels. Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors. Ed. M.H. Abrhams et al. 6th ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995. * Lawler, John. The Evolution of Gulliver's Character. Norton Critical Editions. * Maurois, Andre'. Voltaire. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1932. * Mylne, Vivienne. The Eighteenth-Century French Novel. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1965. * Pasco, Allan H. Novel Configurations A Study of French Fiction. Birmingham: Summa Publications, 1987. * Quintana, Ricardo Circumstance as Satirical Method. Norton Critical Editions: Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels. Ed. Robert A Greenberg. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1961. * Van Doren, Carl. Quick .New York: The Viking Press, 1930. Â

Analysis of the figuritive language in th Poems Richard Cory by Edwin Essay

Examination of the figuritive language in th Poems Richard Cory by Edwin Arlinton Robinson and Paul Simon - Essay Example Applying these models in the two adaptations of Richard Cory would help choose which of the two sonnets is all the more meriting merit. Distributed in 1897, Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington Robinson is the first form of the sonnet. Robinson delineates the depression and demise of a well off man in his sonnet. Fundamentally, the language utilized is folkloric. An old stories is an oral custom passed on starting with one age then onto the next. Hence, the character of Richard Cory and his experience seems, by all accounts, to be a gossip, a fantasy. The phonetic components of the sonnet bolster this thought. To start with, the lines of the sonnet carefully follow a typical cadenced example with the first and third lines and the second and fourth lines rhyming. This may appear to be clumsy when detailing about self destruction as it refutes the characteristic articulation of a self destruction account. Second, the line of thought causes the language to seem climactic, hence causing the s onnet to show up excessively abstract and unnatural. Like any story, the sonnet begins with the presentation of the character, subsequently in the main refrain, Richard Cory is portrayed as â€Å"a honorable man from sole to crown,/clean-supported and majestically slim† (l. 3â€4).

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao A Fukú Story to End the Curse of the Dominican People - Literature Essay Samples

In his novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, Junot Dà ­az brings to light a piece of Dominican history that he sees as both relevant and problematic. Within the first few pages of the novel, the speaker identifies his story as a fukà º story. Fukà º americanus is a curse supposedly specific to the people of the Dominican Republic, which Dà ­az uses to shape the circumstances surrounding his novel. The novel works to identify the true nature of fukà º and transform it into something concrete rather than an ambiguous curse. In doing this, Dà ­az also attempts to identify the zafa or solution to counteract this ancient curse. With his portrayal of Beli and an allusion to the work of W. B. Yeats, Dà ­az reveals the true nature of fukà º and the zafa needed to overcome this seemingly unconquerable force that appears to destroy the characters in the novel. Dà ­az deems the tragedy of his story to be the product of fukà º, which he reveals as the misfortunes in the history of the Dominican Republic that have affected the Dominican people. The novel identifies fukà º as â€Å"a curse or a doom of some kind† (Oscar Wao 1). The origin of this â€Å"curse† has roots in the European colonization of the Dominican Republic and Dà ­az traces it through Dominican history to the reign of Trujillo, whom he considers to be the ultimate source of fukà º. With its historical roots, the fukà º is simply the sum of the effects of history on the Dominican people. When asked about his mention of fukà º in an interview, Dà ­az replied, â€Å"For me, though, the real issue in the book is not whether or not one can vanquish the fukà ºÃ¢â‚¬â€but whether or not one can even see it†¦to be a true witness to who we are as a people and to what has happened to us† (â€Å"Junot Dà ­az†). Rather than seeing the curse for w hat is, people view it as an inescapable curse that has predestined their lives as seen in Yunior’s description of Oscar’s predicament: â€Å"He didn’t want this future but he couldn’t see how it could be avoided, couldn’t figure his way out of it† (Oscar Wao 268). The book also addresses this type of Dominican denial by describing it as â€Å"common throughout the Islands, five parts denial, five parts negative hallucination† (Oscar Wao 259). This denial is the true tragedy of fukà º because without acknowledgement, there can be no resolution. Beli embodies the effect Trujillo’s rule, Dà ­az’s agent of fukà º, had on individual Dominicans. When describing Beli’s predicament or problem, Yunior claims, â€Å"If you want to cast her restlessness in a broader light; She was suffering the same suffocation that was asphyxiating a whole generation of young Dominicans† (Oscar Wao 80-81). Beli is described as always wanting something more, a common attitude among people trying to counter the effects of a suffocating dictatorship. This attitude caused trouble for Beli, which people attributed to fukà º. After she is beaten and left for dead, it is said that her anger saved her: â€Å"†¦so did our Beli resolve out of her anger her own survival† (Oscar Wao 148). This was the moment she overcame the fukà º or the effects of history. She refused to be a victim of fukà º, a victim of her circumstances. With an allusion to W. B. Yeats’ â€Å"Easter, 1916,† Dà ­az cements Beli’s transformation, which comments on how to deal with fukà º or tragedies of the past. When La Inca tells Beli that she must leave the country to escape further harm, Beli laughs, to which La Inca replies, â€Å"Don’t laugh, mi negrita, for your world is about to be changed. Utterly. Yes: a terrible beauty is etc., etc.† (Oscar Wao 160). This line alludes to Yeats’ poem â€Å"Easter, 1916,† more specifically the repeated mantra in the poem: â€Å"All changed, changed utterly: / A terrible beauty is born† (Yeats 15-16). Yeats’ poem refers to the Irish nationalists, whom he portrays as martyrs for their country. They died protesting the wrongs against their country. Out of the horrific results of their rebellion, Yeats clams they were transformed into something beautiful. Similarly, Beli suffers the results of the tragedies of her country’s pa st (the fukà º) and refuses to be defined or defeated by them. Because of such an experience, La Inca tells her a terrible beauty is emerging in her, a beauty that can only be fashioned from tragedy, a beauty that a whole nation can both admire and aspire to. Paired with Beli’s transformation as an example of overcoming fukà º, Yunior’s narrative serves as both a fukà º story and a zafa or a counterspell that brings the true problem to light. As Beli boards the plane to leave, two things occur: she resolves to be a better person and La Inca tells her to not forget who she is. These two occurrences symbolize acknowledging the past and having a mind for a better future, which Dà ­az illustrates as the key elements of overcoming fukà º or overcoming one’s circumstances. While the entire story is about the effects of fukà º or the effects of historical Dominican tragedies, it shows the true fukà º problem and how to overcome it. First, one must be able to see and acknowledge past tragedies, both historical and personal, and accept them and their effects. Second, one must not let such tragedies dictate his or her future. The future is something left to be decided, not something governed by an ancient curse. The outli ning of this process is what makes Dà ­az’s novel a zafa. Fukà º is not a mythical force. It is the sum of both historical and personal tragedies and manifests in the personal effects of those tragedies. This encapsulates Dà ­az’s message, which is that one’s history is to be remembered and accepted as one moves on to make a better life. In conveying this message, Dà ­az emits the ultimate zafa, a zafa to eliminate all fukà º: a fukà º story that illustrates how to overcome the Dominican curse. Works Cited Dà ­az, Junot. The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. Riverhead Books, 2007. Junot Dà ­az. Interview by Edwidge Danticat. BOMB: The Author Interviews, Soho Press, 2017. Yeats, W. B. Easter, 1916. 1916. The Twentieth Century and After, edited by Stephen Greenblatt, 9th ed., W. W. Norton, 2012, pp. 2093-95.

Feminism And The World Can Be Better Place For Both Men...

Emma Watson, globally renowned and beloved actor, is now a Global Goodwill Ambassador and has recently delivered a speech in which she introduced a new campaign, HeForShe, which has gone viral. Watson has chosen to focus her attention on the rising and complex topic of feminism and aims to help make it simple and easy to understand. Watson wants men to know that â€Å"gender equality is [their] issue too†, and that they too can and should stand up for the rights of both women and men (Watson). Watson believes if men advocate for feminism, the world can become better place for both men and women. Watson hopes that the advent of the HeForShe campaign will help to unify us and allow us all to step forward and speak up for gender equality. Watson makes many great points in her speech and her popularity helps to increase her message’s reach and effectiveness. However, Watson makes a few critical assumptions and slightly ignores some of the linchpins of gender discrimination. Nevertheless, Watson’s message is greatly needed to help to combat the gender discrimination that still pervades today. Watson wants both men and women to understand the true implications of feminism and that it is not the word that is significant but the meaning behind it and the profound effects that feminism can have on making men and women equal and respectful to each other. Watson has come to understand that feminism has become an â€Å"unpopular† word that is stigmatized and believed to be anti-men; she wantsShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1686 Words   |  7 PagesIs Feminism? In our world today, feminism has become a recent topic of interest, being discussed all over social media, as well as being represented by various celebrity advocates for the movement. There is such a negative connotation with feminism, and this negative connotation more often than not comes from those who have refused to â€Å"come closer† to feminism.1 Because if you take a closer look, it is not all about women who despise men, or the victimization of women. By definition, feminism isRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1577 Words   |  7 Pagesdepending on the gender: people treated men better than women as men’s strength took an important role to live in the past before the society develops. However, as the people generally thought of women insignificant, women have started to speak up to get over this unchanging perspective. In the early twentieth century, more women maintain for an equality in gender which is called feminism. As feminist group gets larger, more l iteracy works supporting feminism are published. One of those is ‘Trifles’Read MoreFeminism Throughout History1698 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism Throughout history, women around the globe have been struggling to gain rights that are equal to men in the society. Women have been struggling to obtain respect, equality, and the same rights men have in the society. However, this has been difficult to them because of patriarchy, an ideology whereby, men are always considered to be superior to women, and have the right to control women. This thought has spread widely among the social structures of the society around the globe and thisRead MorePatriarchy And Gendered Inequality?1421 Words   |  6 PagesDo you agree that feminism remains a highly relevant ideology in its challenge to patriarchy and gendered inequality? The aim of this essay is to present some very important aspects of feminism as an ideology and its importance in today s world. It is commonly believed, that feminism is no longer needed and should be considered as successfully completed movement. However, there are many misinterpretations of this ideology, which should be corrected in order to fully understand its prime postulatesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Theories Of International Politics And Zombies 1419 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of feminism disciplines to a zombie apocalypse. The two feminist ideas he explores are liberal feminism and post structuralist feminism. Drezner however, ignores the idea of a radical feminist approach in a critical time such as a zombie apocalypse. As an important discipline and idea around feminism, Drezner’s lack of acknowledgement of this idea proves to be hurtful to his argument of the reaction of feminists as a whole to a potential zombie apocalypse. I will apply radical feminism to a zombieRead MoreThe Women s Movement And The Development Of Feminism Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they enter the world. Traditional gender roles of what is considered â€Å"masculine† or â€Å"feminine† make it hard for people to live with who do not portray these certain characteristics. Not only does society limit human identity but their sense of self worth as well. For hundreds of years, people have been raised to live in a certain gender role based on the genitalia they were born with. For example, women were raised and expected to work amongst the household where as men were to be in the workRead MoreFeminism : A Today s Society Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism: A Must in Today’s Society Feminism has become a much studied topic since the victory of women’s rights. Feminism is the reason we get to have equality in our world and although we have not reached all our goals, there has been much progress. To be capable to reach equality amongst the world, we need to keep progressing with it and not lose motivation. Some may say feminism sounds like a sexist term and some do not understand that it means equality and therefore, do not like it. AlthoughRead MoreFeminism Theory : Who Want Women Equality, They Should Look Into Feminism1552 Words   |  7 PagesMilinovich Mrs. Almack English 4 AP September 21, 2014 Feminism Theory To those who want women equality, they should look into feminism. To be a feminist you don’t have to be a woman, you just need to support women in their fight to be legally equal to men in social and economical situations. This means women deserve equal pay, equal access to education, make decisions about their own body, ending job sex segregation, better working conditions, for women to be able to hold a public office and have a sayRead MoreFeminist Political Ideology Essays1243 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, women have remained subordinate to men. Subjected to the patriarchal system that favored male perspectives, women struggled against having considerably less freedom, rights, and having the burdens society placed on them that had been so ingrained the culture. This is the standpoint the feminists took, and for almost 160 years they have been challenging the â€Å"unjust distribution of power in all human relations† starting with the struggle for equal ity between men and women, and linkingRead MoreFeminism : Why Should It Exist And Be Required?1428 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism: Why Should it Exist and be Required? An American Activist by the name of Charlotte Bunch once said, â€Å"Feminism is an entire world view or gestalt, not just a laundry list of women’s issues.† Feminism can be known as the broad range of ideas, approaches, and ideologies directed towards advocating for gender equality for all. Feminism is a movement that seeks to achieve equality and social rights for everyone in all key areas which includes; education, personal, economic, employment, cultural

Literature Review On Energy Poverty - 1632 Words

Literature Review Overview of energy Many developing countries are facing major challenges in relation to energy crisis; economic, environmental and development issues. Nearly 1.4 billion people live without electricity in the third world – contributing to other vital social challenges, such as a lack of food and water and adequate healthcare (MIT News). They have no power to fulfil their basic necessity. Underdeveloped and developing countries account for 75 per cent of the world’s population but consume only about 30 per cent of world’s total energy. Energy crisis for the poor sector of the population, in other words can be known as energy poverty. There are many different visions of energy poverty. According to Eguino article, he’s†¦show more content†¦A disturbingly large swath of humanity is caught in a time warp (Guruswamy Laskshman, 2011). They rely on traditional methods, such as biomass to generate energy, which can be utilised for mainly cooking fuel, heating homes, lighting etc. This is done by burning agricultural waste, leaves, rotted pieces of wood etc. According to OCEA/IEA – 2010, there are 2.7 billion people in developing countries who rely on biomass as a source of energy supply. Approximately 82% of those depending on traditional use of biomass as energy supply live in rural areas, despite the fact that in sub-Saharan Africa, almost 60% are living in urban areas likewise utilise biomass as a supply for energy. However, 17% of people living in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa still rely on biomass, in comparison to other countries, it accommodates the highest percentage. This maybe due to lack of government investment in modern technology (See Figure 1). (Figure 1) – Number and share of population relying on traditional use of biomass. - International Energy Agency (IEA). In Sovacool’s study, he has distinguished the energy service use between households types (low income, middle income and high income) in developed and developing countries. (Figure 2). (Figure 2) – Sovacool, Benjamin K, 2012. The political economyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Poverty And Student Achievement : Does Poverty Affect The Culture Of A School?1195 Words   |  5 Pages The Effect of Poverty and Student Achievement: Does Poverty Affect the Culture of a School? Veronica Curtis, B.A, M.Ed Stony Brook University ABSTRACT Research Questions The following research questions guided this study. Research Question One According to the research literature, what effect does poverty have on academic performance? Research Question Two According to the research literature, what is the influence of behavior management strategies andRead MoreAid, Policy And Growth1601 Words   |  7 Pages Larry L. Day Aid, Policy and Growth: The Case of St. Lucia Abstract This paper takes a look at aid, policy and growth literature using data from St. Lucia, a country that received $24,000,000 US dollars in 2014. Our findings suggest that aid, in the presence of sound economic policy, does not contribute to growth in St. Lucia. However, this study does find statistical evidence to suggest that democratic governance and openness and monetary policy does impact the effectivenessRead MoreProfit Maximization Through Innovation Technologies1058 Words   |  5 Pages 2002).The following business project proposal is fully dedicated to analyze feasibility and profitability of implementing innovation technologies in Uzbek greenhouses which locally produce vegetables and export them to foreign company. Literature Review Innovations can be classified into different categories. Categories in this classification include mechanical innovations (tractors and combines), biological innovations (new seed varieties), chemical innovations (fertilizers and pesticides)Read MoreApplying The Woman Question : The Case Of An African Nigerian Woman1152 Words   |  5 Pagesexamines my application of the feminist research methodology to my future research. My research topic is centred on what role law has to play to balance the interest between the environmental hazards affecting the Climate and satisfying the basic energy need of poor women living in the rural area of Nigeria who depends solely on the crudest form of Biomass â€Å"Firewood, charcoal, animal dung and agricultural by-products† for the purposes of domestic and commercial cooking activities and, which continuousRead MoreHealth Promotion For Combating Obesity973 Words   |  4 Pagesneeded to prevent childhood obesity and the medical risks assoc iated with obesity. The theoretical framework that will be used is the behaviour change wheel which would guide research on health promotion techniques to prevent obesity. This essay reviews literature on health promotion for combating obesity. Childhood obesity prevalence rates have doubled up in the last decade and according to WHO, about 170 million children under 18 years are considered to be overweight or obese. Childhood obesity isRead MoreThe Potential Of The Se Re Innovations1269 Words   |  6 Pages 3. Literature Review 3.1 Potential for the SE-RE innovations SE-RE is a fairly new concept but many researches proves the high potential of its development. First of all, embracing the social values is the aim of social enterprises, including the environmental sector such as using green energy, recycling or tracking the fuel poverty. Moreover, growing state support for developing RET and the â€Å"technical reserve† of RETs (like unmanaged woodlands, garden waste going to landfill, etc.) (Kellett, 2007)Read MoreThe Sustainable Development Is Defined By The Brundtland Report Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment). The Gross National Product (GNP) measures the economic activities and production of every country. As the GNP of a country tends to rise so does its resource consumption. Industrialized nations consume more energy per capita than third world countries, as the energy is needed in every economical aspect: business, manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, and architecture. United States of America and Canada and other developed nations have increased exponentially their resource consumptionRead MoreLiterature Review of Higher Education as an Investment for Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication1772 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review February 04, 2013 Literature Review: Higher education as an investment to grow economy and eradicate poverty. Introduction Even supposing that the latest U.S. employ numbers are trending definitely, there continue to be deep and systemic subjects that have made completer financial recovery indefinable. Chief among these is the disconnect that goes on among the obtainability of workers that are skilled and the tens of thousands of good jobs that are being waited to be filledRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1612 Words   |  7 Pages 2013). The factors that will focused on in this review of literature will be,child; this entails sleep duration, and energy intake, clan; which focuses on the family dynamics and how parents affect their child’s weight (Dev et al., 2013). Trying to find the cause of childhood obesity starts at looking who and what gives theses children the ability to become obese. The ‘child’ factor presented in the Six- C’s model entails sleep duration, energy intake, and BMI (Dev et al., 2013). In an articleRead MoreLeadership Style Research Has Been Conducted Examining1555 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership style research has been conducted examining multiple variables and settings, but the review of literature shows a need for more analysis of how such styles are being viewed by teachers in both high poverty and low poverty settings. School climate differences also need further examination to determine if teachers perceive their school climate differently in high poverty and low poverty schools. Chapter three describes the sampling procedures, research methodology, instrumentation, data

Management Of The Leadership Theories †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Of The Leadership Theories. Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to the skills encompassed by an individual, the ability of a person to lead and guide another person, a team or an entire organization (Northouse, 2015). The various studies of leadership have theories, which involve traits, interaction with one another, behavior, vision and values among others. The search for characters and traits in individuals has been going on for a long time. The trait theory had gained popularity and focused on individual and multiple attributes necessary for effective leadership. The trait theory was criticized by many critics and there was the emergence of the behavioral leadership theory. Discussion The Behavioral Style of leadership evaluates the behavior of successful leaders and identifies their behavior styles that make them successful. The behavioral theory is said to be a perspective on management, which emphasizes on the importance of the attempt to understand the number of factors that affect human behavior in the organizations (Yukl, 2012). The internal reactions and external reactions also affect the behavior of the individual. The theories of the behavioral leadership are the human relation theory, the behavioral science theory, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Human relation Theory The human relation theory refers to the way that helps the leaders to manage and interact with others and their subordinates. The leader focuses on the management of human relations and the morale of workers that is reflected upon positively. There is increase in the productivity and efficiency of the workers and the organization in concern (Lussier Achua, 2015). This theory began by the experiments of Professor Elton Mayo. The belief of this theory is that people desire support that helps them to develop and grow. The employees get individual attention that helps them get motivated which increases productivity. Behavioral Science Theory Behavioral science is important in management of a business as it studies the behavior of a human being and this is related to the study of sociology and psychology. The concern is in the ways in which the people tend to behave. The behavioral Science theory includes motivation, attitude and perception towards the employees. Motivation inspires the employees and increases interest (Malik, Aziz Hassan, 2014). The enhancement of positive attitude enhances the performance of the organization. Perception enables the interpretation of stimulation of senses and converts them into meaningful information. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning also referred to as the Pavlovian conditioning is the procedure of learning where a biologically potent stimulus is paired with the neutral stimuli. The learning process is a result which is through the pairing and a response is achieved which is similar to the person who has the potent stimulus. It is the basic learning process of an individual. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is the process that attempts to adapt to the behavior of a person using positive and negative support. The individual shares a relationship between the behavior of the person and the consequence. Situational leadership theory and Path-goal theory The Situational leadership theory of leadership explains leadership through the leader telling, selling of ideas, participating in decision-making and delegation. The maturity of leader is seen by the level of maturity from low to high. The effective leaders base their behavior on the development level of the group members. The leadership is explained through direction, coaching, supporting and delegating. The path-goal theory specifies the style of the leader that best fits the employee and environment at work. The leadership is explained here by the motivation, empowerment and the satisfaction of the leader and his employees (Antonakis House, 2013). The path-goal types of leader behaviors are direction provided by the leader, support, participation and achievement by setting of challenges that brings the desired results. Leadership is explained when the leader actively takes part in the activities of his employees at work and achieves the desired results. Differentiation between Transactional and Transformational leaders Transactional leaders work I an existing organizational culture while the transformational leaders emphasize on the new ideas, which help to transform organizational culture (McCleskey, 2014). The transactional leaders provide rewards and punishments according to the standards of the organization, while the transformational leaders achieve the desired results from employees by keeping them invested in various projects, which leads to high-order reward system. The transactional leaders appeal self-interest of employees while transformational appeal to group interests (Kark Shamir, 2013). The former is more akin to the common notions of management while the latter adheres more closely, to what is generally referred to as leadership. Differentiation between Charismatic and Visionary leaders The charismatic leaders are people who gain due to their personality. The charm of the leaders make the individuals think like them and retain this feature. This charisma is a natural trait of how the leader conducts his behavior and cultivates the practice in the employees. While the visionary leaders use the ideas that can motivate individuals. The leader may have a particular vision for better working conditions (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). The main difference between charismatic and visionary leaders is the source of their leadership trait. The strength of a charismatic leader is the ability to sell the product while the visionary leader has a particular vision for future. Thereby, the essay discusses the types of behavioral leadership. The essay also discusses situational leadership theory and path-goal theory. The report concludes with the differentiation between transactional and transformational leaders and charismatic and visionary leaders. Thus, a clear discussion about the theories of leadership in management has been discussed. References Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2013). The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013). Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Kark, R., Shamir, B. (2013). The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 77-101). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015).Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Malik, S. H., Aziz, S., Hassan, H. (2014). Leadership behavior and acceptance of leaders by subordinates: Application of path goal theory in telecom sector.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,5(2), 170. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), 66-85.